How Genders Are Represented In Video Games Media Essay

How Genders Are Represented In Video Games Media Essay This paper will discuss how genders are represented as well as perceived in todays video games. With reforming feminist and equality groups attacking every outlet of mainstream news, video games have now become the new mass media that remains the only real form of entertainment that truly represents modern day views and beliefs. Recent games have shifted the trend from the macho stereotypic male hero protagonist to a more feminine female protagonist with great success, judging by recent Portal 2 sales in which the main protagonist was a female. This also remains true with antagonists as well. Gender can be used either in a subversive or sexist way. Females are often objectified predominantly by using powerful visual dynamics. This includes their mannerisms, roles in games but most often, the clothes they wear. Sexism has often been a talking point from as early as the 90s. In Ann Cudd and Leslie Jones paper Sexism,  sexism is define as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a systematic, pervasive, but often subtle, force that maintains the oppression of women, and that this is at work through institutional structures in interpersonal interactions and the attitudes that are expressed in them, and in the cognitive, linguistic, and emotional processes of individual mindsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ our very experience of the world (105-6). Censorship also plays are significant role on how genders are represented in video games. This greatly relates to nudity and sexual references. This could be seen as a positive as this forces game developers/publishers to think harder on the necessity that sex plays in their games. Is it really necessary and/or practical to have females represented as whores? Why should they be represented like this? Why are males represented so differently to females? You dont see many games representing males as whores. This is a good way of nailing developers into thinking harder about the characters, plot and settings. In the end, it comes down to how profitable a game can be and games do have to be tailored in order to be released in certain countries. One could argue that this damages video games as they have to be watered down potentially harming the games story, but does it really? Considering that many games portray females as sex objects and have no place in todays society, I tend to agree. As adults, we do have the right to choose what we want to look at but we also have the moral responsibility to do what is right, and this should remain true in video games. The games that will be looked at in this paper are: The Witcher, Dragon Age 2, Portal 2, Bulletstorm; and Hydrophobia: Prophecy. This will compare and contrast two game titles of similar nature in which gender representation in both games will be thoroughly examined. Game 1: The Witcher The Witcher is a role playing game delevoped by CD Projeckt RED STUDIO and was released as a PC exclusive in 2007. The game is based on a series of books by the same name by Polish author Andrzej Sapkowski. The game is based on a mediaeval fantasy world of Temeria  and tells the story Geralt of Rivia, a Witcher who was at some point killed or at the very least, near death but was later revived by his fellow witchers at their stronghold Kaer Morhen. Unfortunately, he loses his memory in the process. The player gains control of Geralt and lead him through a non-linear story in which the player makes moral choices that affect the overall outcome of the game. The game was censored at release in North America, Australia and the United Kingdom. This was later resolved through a patch known as the Enhanced Edition that failed to determine the users location (source), as well as improving on gameplay, graphics, loading times among other things. The main reason that this game was censored was how the game depicted women as well as receiving sex as a reward. Players were also rewarded what became to be known as sex cards, which depicted the women that you as Geralt slept with. There were also some modifications to the dialogue for what was said to be distasteful, for example, a scene where Geralt barges into a ladies house, Where the hell do you think youre going with all the dung on your boots?! Out with you! This was cut into Who are you? Get out! in the censored versions. One of the games focal aspects, apart from the immersive atmospheric world, story and gameplay, was on Geralts relationship with women. Witchers are generally perceived to be great sex machines but without the fantastic stereotypical looks (source). A good way to sum Geralt up is that hes an outsider, often referred to as a mutant in the game world and has many similarities, in terms of looks, to an albino. Relationships/sex does play an integral part of the game. Geralts choices in who he has relationships with, greatly affects the outcome, not only at the end but throughout the entire game. Women do have a dominant role in this game and this is evident with characters such as Shani, Abigail and Triss Merigold. All three are strong women and although highly sexualised, they do play a significant role in the game. Geralts relationships with all three, one as friends and the other two sexually, determines on how the game progresses in terms with the story. Prostitutes also play a significant role as the player can gain valuable information by both helping them on side quests and/or sleeping with them. A good example of this is Carmen, the madame at one of the brothels. She asks for your help on helping find a cure for a werewolf she loves in which you could either kill or save. At the end, you learn of the story on why she became a prostitute. A lady shunned by her father because she was raped and impregnated by the city guards. The game also implies, through dialogue, that she may have also been sexually abused by her father. What this shows is that the team at CD Projeckt put a lot of thought and meaning into the roles that gender plays in this game. While other games such as Grand Theft Auto put very little thought and reason into its ok to over sexualise women with rape, bashing and murder, The Witcher is one those few games that stands out in terms of both character and story development. It shows that in comparison to other games, women are strong, fierce and independent, and are able to stand up for their beliefs, ideas and ideologies. Game 2: Dragon Age 2 Dragon Age 2 follows the adventure of Hawke, a refugee from the nation of Ferelden who has fled to Kirkwall. The game itself is a series of flashbacks from the captured dwarve Varric, an old companion of Hawkes. The game was released on PC and Xbox 360 in 2011 by EA but developed in-house by Bioware. As with all traditional Bioware games, it features rich dialog, expansive worlds, deep meaningful storyline as well as strong willed women. In fact, Bioware put a lot of thought and emphasis in the roles women play in this games (as well as their other games) universe. Five of your companions in Dragon Age 2 are female. Females are represented to be strong, decisive, intellectual, cunning and possibly evil, and do play a significant role in the outcome of the game. At the beginning Dragon Age 2, Varric exaggerates and describes Hawkes companions with overly large bosoms which raises the question, why did the game developers choose to do this? This could be seen as a way of enticing male players (as well as females) into the game by over sexualising women in this fashion. It is a good marketing ploy by Bioware as it engages players, particularly males, to progress through the game. The game also introduces many relationships that the player may choose to pursue. It does contribute to the story in some way but it fails to play a significant part. Rather, players can choose to remain friends with their female companions instead of actively sleeping with them; it does not affect the progress of the game. Compared to the original, sex scenes are dumbed down. This is due to several reasons, specifically censorship. Many would say, judging by the complaints on user review site Metacritic, that this potentially damaged the game by ruining parts of the story where sex does play a role. Taking out true romanticising made the game seem unrealistic and gave the appearance that adding female companions did seem as an afterthought by the game developers. Are we to believe that there were no sexual tensions between Hawke and his female companions? Compared to The Witcher, getting interment with your female companions was a simple task of building your friendship bar by agreeing with your companions rather than taking decisive decisions, handing over gifts and teasing/flirting with them. The Witcher made romance seem an integral part of the game whereas Dragon Age 2 fails on this, adding romance seem as an afterthought and having no real consequences. Yes, females did play an overly important ro le in Dragon Age 2 but the romancing seemed unnecessary and could have been left out as it plays very little, if any, part of the story. Game 3: Portal 2 Perhaps one of the better titles to be released by Valve, its a highly entertaining emotional rollercoaster ride, one that will give you high hopes and later crush them. Portal 2 features a fantastic, engaging, hilarious plot (and soundtrack) with many twists and turns. Ironically, this game forces you to think with portals as many levels will leave you shaking your head is disbelief when a puzzle that should theoretically only take 5 minutes takes you more than 15. It certainly leaves a satisfying feeling when completing a complex puzzle.  Released in 2011, this game stands out from the usual crowd. Featuring a female protagonist by the name of Chell and a few helpful (or not so helpful) robot companions, GLaDOS and Wheatley, you attempt to transverse yourself out of the Aperture Science lab testing facility. Chell is portrayed as a strong willed and intelligent woman. The game steers away from hypersexualising Chell by avoiding somewhat traditional Lara Croft style clothing i.e. skintight latex, overly short shorts and/or a tight hugging bikini. Instead, Chell is represented wearing a plain orange jump suit which is an unobtrusive representation of the female protagonist. Most players progress through the game unaware that they are assuming the role of a female. Players only catch a glimpse of Chell when looking through portals as well as other reflective materials such water and glass. Both GLaDOS and Wheatley are treated in a similar fashion where gender plays very little significance, mainly because they are bots although this does change in the latter part of the game. We can differentiate between the two by both voices and attitudes, but not by outside looks. The writers at Valve provide a very interesting balance of power between the three characters. Choosing to represent female conflict by using emotional forms of abuse whilst avoiding any form of physical contact remains true with the stereotypes about women; they are cunning creatures. While in the latter half of the game, Valve took a feministic approach totally changing the dynamics of the game in which both Chell and GLaDOS form a working relationship and team against the common enemy, Wheatley. Wheatley is the only male character in the game. He transforms GLaDOS into a potato and attempts to murder Chell. This portrays both control and dominance that can be seen as subjectify women, either in reality or in the virtual world. From a feminist point of view, this form of behaviour is exactly what makes women put aside their differences (something which males cant do) and team up against the common enemy, proving once and for all that women are the stronger of the two sexes. Chell and GLaDOS are the two perfect examples of the two sides of femininity; Chell the domestic icon whereas GLaDOs represents the progressive, intelligent working woman. By killing GLaDOS, Chell can be seen as the dutiful safe woman conquering the dangerous feminist (http://www.gamepro.com/article/features/218960/portal-s-glados-as-feminist-icon/) Game 4: Bulletstorm This is easily one of the most fun games Ive played in quite some time. The gameplay is just absolute effin amazing fun! Coupled with an engaging storyline and a hilarious script, this game is definitely a game that Ill be coming back to play just for pure entertainment. Although short, this game in no way becomes repetitive as your environment, enemies and weapons is ever changing. Get it for the singleplayer as multiplayer is completely consolised, meaning that, it uses a matchmaking system which takes forever to connect. The only positive I can take from it is that you can choose to play with friends. Its another game that Microsoft has again managed to ruin with their GFWL. Game 5: Hydrophobia: Prophecy Conclusion Sources http://arts.nationalpost.com/2011/04/19/qa-with-portal-2-writers-erik-wolpaw-and-jay-pinkerton/ http://www.popmatters.com/pm/post/140585-her-name-is-caroline-naming-the-misbehaving-woman-in-portal-2/ http://www.gamepro.com/article/features/218960/portal-s-glados-as-feminist-icon/

Floods in Malaysia

Improvement in weather conditions saw a drop in the number of flood victims at flood relief centres (FRC) in Pahang and Kelantan this morning but conditions remained unchanged in Terengganu. In Pahang, the number of flood victims at FRC dropped from 35,502 last night to 33,952 as of 9am this morning said a Pahang state police disaster operations room spokesman.The 33,952 flood victims from 10,328 families are currently housed in 141 FRC throughout the nine districts affected by floods, namely 27,700 in Kuantan, Pekan (3,180 at 34 FRC), Temerloh (1,132 at 23 FRC), Maran (920 at 17 FRC), Jerantut (570 at 11 FRC), Bera (217 at 7 FRC), Raub (137 at 7 FRC), Lipis (60 at 5 FRC) and Rompin (36 at 2 FRC). However, a number of main roads remained closed for traffic, especially Km14 Jalan Temerloh-Bahau, Km18 Jalan Triang-Temerloh and Jalan Jerantut-Kuala Lipis (Kampung Sepial), the spokesman told Bernama today.In Kota Baru, the number of flood victims in Pasir Mas and Tumpat dropped from 139 last night to 99 this morning said a state disaster operations room spokesman. Water level at Sungai Golok in Rantau Panjang was recorded as 8. 68m at 8am this morning and remained at the warning level (Danger level 9m). In Terengganu, the number of flood victims at FRC remained at 22,617 from 5,582 families with Kemaman being the worst affected said the National Security Council (MKN) portal.Kemaman, which was worst hit, saw the highest number of flood victims at FRC with 19,869 from 4,901 families, followed by Dungun with 2,719 from 672 families, Kuala Terengganu six from a family and Marang 28 from eight families. The state Drainage and Irrigation Department reported that the water levels of major rivers in the state were below the danger point this morning. In Johor, 592 evacuees from 160 families remained at nine FRC in the state as the conditions improved significantly said the National Security Council portal. The portal said 484 were in Segamat, 55 in Pontian and 53 in Batu Pahat. Floods in Malaysia Improvement in weather conditions saw a drop in the number of flood victims at flood relief centres (FRC) in Pahang and Kelantan this morning but conditions remained unchanged in Terengganu. In Pahang, the number of flood victims at FRC dropped from 35,502 last night to 33,952 as of 9am this morning said a Pahang state police disaster operations room spokesman.The 33,952 flood victims from 10,328 families are currently housed in 141 FRC throughout the nine districts affected by floods, namely 27,700 in Kuantan, Pekan (3,180 at 34 FRC), Temerloh (1,132 at 23 FRC), Maran (920 at 17 FRC), Jerantut (570 at 11 FRC), Bera (217 at 7 FRC), Raub (137 at 7 FRC), Lipis (60 at 5 FRC) and Rompin (36 at 2 FRC).However, a number of main roads remained closed for traffic, especially Km14 Jalan Temerloh-Bahau, Km18 Jalan Triang-Temerloh and Jalan Jerantut-Kuala Lipis (Kampung Sepial), the spokesman told Bernama today. In Kota Baru, the number of flood victims in Pasir Mas and Tumpat dropped from 139 last night to 99 this morning said a state disaster operations room spokesman.Water level at Sungai Golok in Rantau Panjang was recorded as 8.68m at 8am this morning and remained at the warning level (Danger level 9m). In Terengganu, the number of flood victims at FRC remained at 22,617 from 5,582 families with Kemaman being the worst affected said the National Security Council (MKN) portal. Kemaman, which was worst hit, saw the highest number of flood victims at FRC with 19,869 from 4,901 families, followed by Dungun with 2,719 from 672 families, Kuala Terengganu six from a family and Marang 28 from eight families.The state Drainage and Irrigation Department reported that the water levels of major rivers in the state were below the danger point this morning. In Johor, 592 evacuees from 160 families remained at nine FRC in the state as the conditions improved significantly said the National Security Council portal. The portal said 484 were in Segamat, 55 in Pontian and 53 in Batu Pa hat. – See more at: http://www. themalaymailonline. com/malaysia/article/flood-conditions-improve-in-pahang-kelantan-johor#sthash. G7kqR5LJ. dpuf

The Debate Over Concealed Weapons Essay - 1611 Words

In 2007 an armed student killed 32 people at Virginia Tech, making it one of the deadliest gun massacres in U.S history. As a result, a group known as Students for Concealed Carry on Campus began a movement to legalize campus carry for colleges in the U.S. Lawmakers then put in place laws that would allow students and faculty to carry weapons to better defend themselves (The Secret History of the Campus Carry Movement). As of 2016 Texas became the ninth state to allow concealed carry on public universities for holders of gun permits. Nevertheless, the debate over whether to allow concealed weapons in schools remains a hot topic in our political society. Although the different viewpoints of the new law are evident, the major similarity is the safety of the student body. There exists’ two sides for concealed weapons on college campuses in the state of Texas. The side that believes students are safer by carrying a concealed weapon, and the side that believes the contrary and says that weapons should not be allowed on school premises. Regulations vary from state to state; 18 states have banned concealed weapons on college campuses and 23 states allow each school to determine its own policies (Campus Carry). Even after the Virginia shooting, the movement did not echo with all Americans. With the increased shootings at schools, it can be difficult it can be very difficult for colleges to guarantee the safety of each student. Law makers feel that the new law will help colleges andShow MoreRelatedPublic Rifle National Rifle Association s President Wayne Lapierre1583 Words   |  7 Pagesamount of controversy in the U.S.. The heated debate surrounding campus carry began after the 2007 shooting at Virginia Tech reported Dennis A. Henigan, former Vice-President of the Brady Campaign and Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence. 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Analysis of My Body Language in My Presentation - 1023 Words

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Essay about Ionic Reactions - 773 Words

Ionic Reactions Abstract This experiment is designed to study the nature of ionic reactions, and write net ionic equations for precipitation reactions, as well as to identify spectator ions, perception reactions and solubility of different compounds. Experiment and Observations In this experiment I was using a 96-well plate to add two drops of the following solutions into seven wells in rows A through E: cobalt (II) nitrate, copper (II) nitrate, iron (III) nitrate, barium nitrate, and nickel (II) nitrate. Afterward, two drops of each of sodium phosphate, sodium iodide, sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide were added to the five vertical wells under columns†¦show more content†¦This was expected because the solubility rules stated that these were all insoluble substances. I was careful to add exactly two drops of each into each well, as to keep my experimental error to a minimum. Questions: A. Compare your results with the solubility rules and/or solubility table in your chemistry text. B. Do your results agree with your expectations from the solubility rules/table? Yes, my results did agree with my expectations from the basic solubility rules. C. Which anions generally form precipitates? What are exceptions? Most hydroxides, sulfides, carbonates and phosphates form precipitates. Alkali metals, barium, silver nitrate, silver nitrite and silver perchlorate are some exceptions. D. Which anions generally do not form precipitates? What are the exceptions? All nitrate salts, alkali metals, ammonium salts, sulfates, acetates, and halides do not form precipitates. Calcium sulfate, strontium sulfate, barium sulfate, lead (II) ions, silver halide, lead (II) halide and mercury (I) ions are some exceptions. E. Which cations generally do not form precipitates? All cations in groups 1 and 2 of the periodic table generally do not form precipitates. http://chemistry.about.com/od/lectureclassnotes/a/Qualitative-Analysis.htm F. Select 10 reactions that produce a precipitate, color change, or gas and write balanced chemical equation and a net ionic equation forShow MoreRelatedIonic Reactions Lab Essay1010 Words   |  5 Pages180 Lab 5: Ionic Reactions Submitted by Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to work with aqueous solutions of ionic substances. Aqueous solutions are those solutions in which water is the solvent. When ionic substances are dissolved in water, the ions separate and become surrounded by water molecules. The focus of this experiment is on precipitates. The goal of this experiment is to study the nature of ionic reactions, write balanced equations, and to write net ionic equations forRead MoreLab 8 Ionic Reactions1245 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Ocean County College Department of Chemistry Ionic Reactions Submitted by: Date Submitted: July 10, 2014 Date Performed: July 8 2014 Lab Section: Chem 181-DL2 Course Instructor: Amal Bassa Background Aqueous solutions of ionic substances will be experimented with in this Ionic Reactions lab. Aqueous solutions are solutions that water is solvent. After ionic substances dissolve in water, ions separate and become surrounded by water molecules. When these ion separateRead MoreIonic Reactions Lab Essay1068 Words   |  5 PagesCollege Department of Chemistry Ionic Reactions Submitted by Erin Walsh   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Date Submitted:  Ã‚  Ã‚  July 24, 2013 Date Performed:  Ã‚  July 24, 2013 Lab Section: Chem-181-DL1 Course Instructor:  Amal Bassa Purpose To study the nature of ionic reactions, write balanced equations, and write net ionic equations for precipitation reactions. Procedure 1. 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The physical properties studied are odour, hardness, melting point, solubility in water and solubility in 2-propanol. It is observed that some of the physical properties of sodium chloride are no odours, hard, a

Death Camp Free Essays

It all began when a group of old friends decided they wanted to go camping for the weekend. All they wanted was to have a laugh, get drunk and have good last memories of their time together before they went to university in different parts of the country. Camping seemed like a perfect way to say goodbye, or so they thought. We will write a custom essay sample on Death Camp or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sitting around a warm campfire, toasting marshmellows and sharing memories, they would remember the good times and leave on a good note, the troubles of the past forgotten. Jack and Mike decided to organise a weekend in the New Forest and collected a i30 contribution from their friends to pay for food, drink, fuel and the hire of a minibus. So it was that, one crisp morning in late August, the group of friends met at The Three Compasses in Luton and set off, talking and laughing, for their perfect weekend away. The journey took a few hours due to the volume of traffic on the roads and by the time they reached base camp they were hot, tired and irritable. Determined not to let the weekend get off to a bad start, Jack suggested that they set up camp in the woods then go their separate ways before the barbeque later in the evening. Jack led the group from the carpark to a clearing about half a mile into the dense trees and they began to set up the large ten-man tents. After agreeing to meet back at seven, they split into twos and threes and went off to explore the forest. Everyone was back by half past and got a fire going, crackling merrily as they toasted marshmellows. As the drink was brought out the talking and laughing grew louder and more raucous until most were either asleep or dancing outrageously to Mike’s CD collection. The fire flickered, its embers glowing and cinders scattering about the clearing. The deep shadows between the trees were broken by its golden light and different hues of yellow danced across the canvas tents. A wonderful aroma of sweet pinewood burning filled the clearing, mingling with the pungent perfume of wild grasses and flowers. The stars overhead were glittering like diamonds in the velvety night sky. Jack was dancing near to the fire but he was one of the last ones, everyone else had gone into the tents to sleep off the vodka and beer. As his friends decided that they too were ready for bed, Jack went to put out the fire with a bottle of water. In his disorientated state he accidentally picked up a half-drunk bottle of vodka and threw its contents onto the fire. There was a roar and the flames sprang up, licking the night air like a predator hungry for prey. Tongues of flame caught low-hanging branches and they were swallowed up, the pine resin spitting and jumping. Jerked out of his drunkeness, Jack ran to the tents and shouted for everyone to get out and follow him. The ones who listened ran outside, dragging their semi-conscious friends with them. Crashing through the dense undergrowth they headed in the direction of the minibus and clambered aboard. Mike, who had stayed sober enough to drive, sprang into the drivers seat and they sped off down the road. At a nearby laybay they stopped and called the fire brigade from a phonebox. It was only then that they realised several of their friends behind at the mercy of the raging flames. The forest was alight, the trees catching like dry tinder and pillars of orange flame rocketing into the night sky, the pines burning like torches. The people left behind ran drunkenly away from the flames but the fire was spreading at an incredible rate, springing from tree to tree like rampaging tigers. Smoke filled the forest and they choked as they ran, stumbling and falling. Overcome by tiredness and lack of oxygen, they sank down in a clearing by a road, hoping the fire could be stopped before it was too late†¦ How to cite Death Camp, Papers

Automobile Manufacturing Industry Australiaâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Are The Key Factors And Trends Which Affected The Automotive Industry Of Australia Which Was One Of The Booming Industry? To Identify The Trends Of Customers Which Drives The Business For Australian Automotive Industry? To Investigate The Reason Behind The Decline Of Such Huge Industry Which Affected The Economy And Unemployment In Australia? Answers: Introduction The automobile industry of Australia is one of the successful and emerging industries after the Second World War. The automotive industry of Australia plays an important role in the economy and it is boosting innovation and investment and is also driving wide scale industrial activity. Australia is the only industrial country which lacks vehicle assembly. The Australian car manufacturing sector is so small that each company had to rely on each other for their survival. The purpose of this research paper is to analyse the reasons for the sudden collapse of the automobile industry of Australia. It will also help to find out the factors which will be necessary for the growth and survival of the automotive industry. This paper will also highlight the specific reasons as to why the automotive manufacturing industries had to rely on foreign products as their inputs (ONeill, Sohal and Teng 2016). Background and significance Australia is the first country who manufactured cars and it has helped them in designing their culture. The financial constructors played an active role in the beginning of aircraft and car development. General Motors manufactured their cars in Australia by importing the spare parts from UK and USA. They also provided support to the Australian military vehicle and thus designed their armoured vehicles, aircraft engines and weaponries. Holden Group also had built more than 10 million cars in Australia and they were trying to produce more cars. Moreover, this industry has also provided employment to many workers and there are many small businesses which have supports this industry. Recently, the two leading car manufacturers in Australia i.e. Mahindra and Toyota have decided to stop their production by the end of 2017. Toyota has stated it might start up is production if they find improvement in the automotive industry. There are several important reasons for the downfall of the Austra lian car manufacturing industry. The automotive industry cannot exploit economies of scale because the Australian market is very small. Moreover, to survive in such markets there were no other options available but to use cheaper foreign production inputs including labour. The domestic market conditions has become weaker due to lower import tariffs and also signing of Free trade agreement. Moreover, better working conditions and higher wages were demanded by the union and it became difficult for the automotive companies to fulfil their demands of the labourers. Although Ford and Holden has announced that it will retain its RD activities in Australia but there is a big doubt that these companies will move their RD activities closer to their manufacturing plants. With the downfall of car manufacturing industries, it is vital to spend more amounts in RD activities so that it does not affect the other sectors of the economy (Ulengin et al. 2014). Research boundaries This research paper will be restricted only on the automotive industry of Australia. It will draw a close comparison of the leading car manufacturers of Australia i.e. Toyota, Holden, Iveco, Paccar Inc. and many more. Report outline This report will start with an introduction and then it will review the relevant existing literature (Section 2). It will also outline the methodology that is used to gather data and address the research objectives (Section 3). Section 4 will highlight the results while the final Section 5 will draw conclusions and makes recommendation to address the management issu Literature Review/Theoretical Framework This section will review literature on the downfall and growth of automotive car manufacturing industry in Australia. Section 2.2 will highlight the implications from the literature impacting on this study. Darux (2014) has stated that financial crisis is the main reason for the downfall of the Australian manufacturing companies. These companies had to outsource a majority of their processes to other companies and thus ensure that there is no effect on the production facilities. Jasinski, Meredith and Kirwan (2015) have highlighted the processes of outsourcing rather than giving more preference to in-sourcing activities. It has been found that the process of in-sourcing in times of lower sales volume has been attracting the employees and the manufacturers for full utilisation of their existing capacity. Stanford (2017) has highlighted that the automobile companies has faced a pessimistic outlook in domestic sales, costs and export opportunities. Stanford has drawn a close comparison between the automotive industry of Australia and Canada. Gnther, Kannegiesser and Autenrieb(2015) has stated that the production of automotive components in Australia is larger than Canada and it has also be en developing in RD activities. The continuous influence of the fiscal incentives in the previous years has made the RD activities of Australia very strong. Moreover, trade liberalization has eliminated the rationale to manufacture vehicles in Australia. The overvaluation of the Australian currency which is combined with political and inconsistent approach has led to the demise of Australian automotive industry. The incentive program has also tried to foster innovation in Australia. According to Hua, Oliphant and Hu (2016), the manufacturing industry is posed with several of recovery and it has created jobs for millions of workers. There has been certain economic indicators that are helping the Australian manufacturing industry to recover its real output which has fallen to a very low level. Yan and Fang (2015) has opined that the profit margins of the Australian manufacturing industry are also falling and the Government is trying to take several steps to protect these industry. According to Chen, Feldmann and Tang (2015), there were some external causes for the decline of the manufacturing industry and this industry is trying to adopt the western style. Ong (2016) has opined that tax evasion by the tax payers is one of the main reasons for the death of the manufacturing industry of Australia. Galliers and Leidner (2014) has highlighted that the role of planning, operations assessment and budgeting is linked directly with the strategic plan of an organisation. According to Gamble and Thompson (2014), it is important to assess and evaluate the effectiveness of a strategic map and the development of balance scorecard as an important management tool. Wheelen and Hunger (2017) has stated that strategic management has helped in the long term development of the organisation. Peppard and Ward (2016)has opined that strategic management will help in the revitalization and also to bring changes for the improvement of business plan. There are certain gaps in the above mentioned literature. Darux has focused only on the financial condition of Australia as the main reason for the downfall of the automotive industry. He has not given more importance on in-sourcing and its advantages which is a crucial factor in this era of globalisation. There are certain other factors which needs due consideration in this case. The downfall of the automotive industry has also affected the other industries on a large scale. The research work of Stanford also highlighted a close comparison of the automotive industry of Australia and Canada but it has not specifically pointed out the reasons of downfall of the companies in Australia. The methodology of a research will discuss the underlying methods and process which will be followed in meeting the research objectives. This section describes the design adopted by this study to achieve the aims and process objectives stated in Section 1.3. Section 3.2 discusses the methodology (or sources of data) to be used in the study. Sources of data and justification In this research, quantitative data will be used to identify the growth and downfall of the car manufacturing companies of Australia. The choice if quantitative data will help to find how the downfall of the various car manufacturing companies will affect the other leading sectors of the economy. Data will be collected from the annual reports of Ford, Holden and Toyota. Moreover, some data will also be collected from the annual reports of the companies which provide different kinds of inputs to these leading companies (Wright and Lansbury 2014). Data will be collected from the primary sources also. Surveys will be carried out for the customers of these leading companies. The customers of the leading automobile companies will be asked to provide feedbacks and thus the evaluations will be carried out on this basis. Data will also be collected from people of both the genders who are in the age group of 25-40 years. This data will be collected through random sampling and thus it will hel p to keep the sample group as homogenised as possible. It will also help to prevent biasness of the research output. Non probability sampling method will be used to reduce the biasness in the project. Moreover, descriptive research design will be used to get rigid and flexible results. Activities 1st Week 2nd-6th Week 7th- 11th Week 12th -18th Week 19th-22nd Week 23rd -27th Week 28th-31st Week Selection of the topic Literature review and study of existing theories Data collection- primary Data Analysis Preparing Draft report Final Submission Details of specific techniques Data will be analysed from the annual reports by using SPSS and other statistical techniques so that it helps the researcher to monitor the downfall of the car manufacturing company. The reports of the leading companies will be analysed and studied and descriptive methods will also be used for the analysis. Random sampling method will be followed when data needs to be collected from the customers so as to avoid biasness. The customers will not be chosen based on the volume of sales or profitability of the companies. These will help the researcher to conduct the research successfully and there will be transparency in research work. The correlation conducted through Pearson correlation and regression will also help in meeting the research objectives (Bryman and Bell 2015.). Analysis of Results It is important to identify the customer base who will respond and provide accurate data in this research work. It has been found that the customers will prefer to buy cars from other countries because the local companies in Australia are charging huge amount of taxes and costs from the customers and thus they prefer to buy cars from other countries. The companies are also incurring losses because due to import tariffs and free trade agreements with other countries (Agana, Reeve and Orbell 2013). Several data were also collected from the annual reports of Holden, Ford and other leading companies who have decided to shut down their manufacturing plants in Australia. The reports of these companies have helped to make a comparison between these companies and also analyse the losses in the previous years (Marks 2013). The statistical report of the Australia will also give an idea of the number of unemployed people who have lost their jobs due to the downfall in this sector. Surveys and i nterviews will also be carried for the unemployed people who have lost their job. The business strategies which will be followed by these manufacturing companies will also be analysed and highlighted in this paper (Bell et al. 2014) Conclusions Thus, it can be said that the downfall of the Australian car manufacturing industry will incur a huge loss for economy as a whole. It will affect the RD activities of the other sectors and also affect the automotive industry. Australia is one of the most competitive economy and it has tried to keep the prices low despite all other factors. But due to avoidance of a large sum of taxes, Government of Australia has imposed a huge sum of penalty and these companies have decided to shut down their plants. Moreover, the foreign cars became cheaper and this attracted the people to purchase them and thus it has led to the downfall of the Australian car manufacturing companies. Due to cheaper imports, it has become easier for the Australian car buyers to purchase these cars. Moreover, the economy of Australia is surrounded by various countries where labour is cheap and the costs of materials are also very low. It can be suggested that the import tariffs in Australia must be raised so that the local car manufacturing companies can run their business successfully. The import tariffs on these manufacturing companies which were resumed due to certain reasons must again start its operation. Moreover, better working conditions and higher wages were demanded by the union and it became difficult for the automotive companies to fulfil their demands of the labourers. The collapse of this automotive industry also affected research and development. Thus, it is important to for the Government to find out certain steps so that it can protect these companies. References Agana, B.A., Reeve, D. and Orbell, J.D., 2013. An approach to industrial water conservationa case study involving two large manufacturing companies based in Australia.Journal of environmental management,114, pp.445-460. Bell, J.M., Frater, B., Butterfield, L., Cunningham, S.D., Dodgson, M., Fox, K., Spurling, T. and Webster, E., 2014. Securing Australia's future: The role of science, research and technology in lifting Australian productivity. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015. Business research methods. New York: Oxford University Press. Chen, L., Feldmann, A. and Tang, O., 2015. The relationship between disclosures of corporate social performance and financial performance: Evidences from GRI reports in manufacturing industry.International Journal of Production Economics,170, pp.445-456. Drauz, R., 2014. Re-insourcing as a manufacturing-strategic option during a crisisCases from the automobile industry.Journal of Business Research,67(3), pp.346-353. Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E. eds., 2014.Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Gamble, J.E. and Thompson Jr, A.A., 2014.Essentials of strategic management. Irwin Mcgraw-Hill. Gnther, H.O., Kannegiesser, M. and Autenrieb, N., 2015. The role of electric vehicles for supply chain sustainability in the automotive industry.Journal of Cleaner Production,90, pp.220-233. Hua, Y., Oliphant, M. and Hu, E.J., 2016. Development of renewable energy in Australia and China: A comparison of policies and status.Renewable Energy,85, pp.1044-1051. Jasinski, D., Meredith, J. and Kirwan, K., 2015. A comprehensive review of full cost accounting methods and their applicability to the automotive industry.Journal of cleaner production,108, pp.1123-1139. Marks, A., 2013. The globalization of the Australian textile, clothing, footwear and motor vehicle industries: results in line with other western market economies.Global Economy Journal,13(1), pp.129-150. ONeill, P., Sohal, A. and Teng, C.W., 2016. Quality management approaches and their impact on firms? financial performanceAn Australian study.International Journal of Production Economics,171, pp.381-393. Ong, S.H., 2016. Measuring the quality and identifying influencing factors of sustainability reporting: Evidence from the resources industry in Australia. Peppard, J. and Ward, J., 2016.The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Stanford, J., 2017. When an Auto Industry Disappears: Australia's Experience and Lessons for Canada.Canadian Public Policy,43(S1), pp.S57-S74. lengin, F., nsel, ?., Aktas, E., Kabak, . and zayd?n, ., 2014. A decision support methodology to enhance the competitiveness of the Turkish automotive industry.European Journal of Operational Research,234(3), pp.789-801. Wheelen, T.L. and Hunger, J.D., 2017.Strategic management and business policy. pearson. Wright, C.F. and Lansbury, R.D., 2014. Trade unions and economic reform in Australia, 19832013.The Singapore Economic Review,59(04), p.1450033. Yan, X. and Fang, Y.P., 2015. CO 2 emissions and mitigation potential of the Chinese manufacturing industry.Journal of Cleaner Production,103, pp.759-773.